送交者: iamacat 于 2005-5-03, 16:32:25:
万鄂湘教授在一篇文章中的抄袭行为
这篇文章，题目为“论国际人权条约的保留”，署名为万鄂湘、郑曦林，发表于“武汉大学学报(哲学社会科学版)”1995年第6期(总第221期)，第70-77页。
稍稍比较一下就会发现，这篇“论国际人权条约的保留”里面的许多段落，都是从一位美国学者在距此文10年前早已发表的一篇英文论文中几乎是逐字逐句地直译过来的。
这篇英文论文题目为“Reservations to Multilateral Treaties on Human Rights”(“[论]多边人权条约的保留”)，署名为Massimo Coccia (姑且音译为“柯查”)，发表与“西加州大学国际法杂志”(California Western International Law Journal)1985年(总第15期)第1号(Volume 15, Winter 1985, Number 1)，第1-52页。
以下分别简称“万文”与“柯文”。
万文：
“二、影响国家作出保留的因素
尽管一直有人主张禁止对国际人权条约作出保留，但实际上迄今为止国际人权条约中仅有“废止奴隶制、奴隶贩卖及类似奴隶制的制度与习俗补充公约”及“取缔教育歧视公约”，两公约明确规定禁止国家作出任何形式的保留。实践表明，在条约允许保留的场合，国家一般都会充分利用这种机会。一国对国际人权条约作出保留，并非是不愿意尊重和保护人权，而是由於各种各样复杂的原因促成的。在人权国际保护方面，政权问题尤其敏感，国家在承诺其国际义务时，不得不甚至考虑政治的、法律的及其实际存在的因素，这些就导致国家在批准或加入国际人权条约时作出一个或多个保留的原因。归纳起来主要有以下几个方面：”(”武汉大学学报(哲学社会科学版)”1995年第6期(总第221期)，第71页)
(万文在此只字未提柯文)
柯文：
“II. Reservations and Human Rights Treaties
B. Factors Inducing States to Make Reservations
Notwithstanding some scholarly attempts to promote the prohibition of reservations to human rights treaties, State practice demonstrates that whenever a treaty has allowed reservations States have made much use of this possibility. States are often motivated to resort to reservations as a result of many factors other than a mere unwillingness to respect human rights. In a sphere so sensitive to State sovereignty there are several legal, political and practical factors which may induce a State to make one or more reservations while ratifying, or acceding to, a multilateral teraty on human rights.”(California Western International Law Journal, Volume 15, Winter 1985, Number 1, pp. 18-19)
“Only two of the numerous treaties on human rights expressly provide that reservations are forbidden. These are: (1) Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery,...and (2) Convention Against Discrimination in Education...”(同上， pp. 18-19, footnote 95)
万文：
“1、缔约国国内法如宪法、法律的条文规定与条约的规定不相一致。这是导致国家作出保留的最常见的原因。例如“妇女政治权利公约”第3条规定”妇女有权担任依国家法律而设置之公职及执行国家法律所规定之一切公务，其条件应与男子平等，不得有任何歧视。”许多国家以该条可能和国内法中关於服兵役的法律规定相冲突而对该条约作出保留。”(同上，第71页)
(万文在此只字未提柯文)
柯文：
“One common factor is the presence, in the domestic law of the State concerned, of a constitutional or statutory provision which is somewhat inconsistent with the treaty at stake. For example, in regard to the Convention on the Political Rights of Women, nunerous States have made reservations to the provision which confers upon women the right to hold public office, since there may be a conflict with domestic laws on military recruitment. ”(同上，p. 19)
万文：
“2、在中央政府和地方政府之间维持一种管辖权上的宪法性平衡存在困难。这一点对於联邦制国家尤其突出。”(第71页)
(万文在此只字未提柯文)
柯文：
“Another frequent concern of States in ratifying human rights conventions is the difficulty of maintaining the constitutional balance between the jurisdictions of central and local authorities. This is an especially important concern in States which have a federal system of government.”(p. 19)
万文：
“3、一国存在的特殊法律地位的领土。如英国和新西兰在批准“公民权利和政治权利国际公约”时，分别为香港和安第列斯作出保留。”(第72页)
(万文在此只字未提柯文)
(并且注意，万文在这里，把柯文原文中的the Netherlands(荷兰)，误译为“新西兰”)
柯文：
“A related factor is the existence in some States of territories with special legal status where reservations of a 'geographical' nature are required.”(p. 19)
“E.g., the reservations to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights made by the United Kingdom concerning Hong Kong and by the Netherlands concerning the Antilles.”(p. 19, footnote 100)
万文：
“4、一国在批准或加入某一人权公约时，其将要承担的义务和该国先前承担的条约义务不相一致。例如欧洲人权公约的部分当事国由於这一原因在批准和加入“公民权利和政治权利国际公约”时，作了一些保留。”(第72页)
(万文在此只字未提柯文)
柯文：
“Additionally, some treaties are inconsistent with eath other in some aspects while overlapping in others. This is the case, for example, with the European Convention on Human Rights and the two UN International Covenants, where several reservations were made by some European States for this very reason.”(pp. 19-20)
万文：
“5、当一国需要修改法律以使国内法和条约规定相一致，而议会却不愿意进行这一耗时辛苦的工作。特别是在一国存在较条约更紧迫的国内利益或立法时间压力很大而该国为显示对人权的关注而不得不批准该条约时，一国更倾向于保留而不是修改国内法以适应条约的规定。”(第72页)
(万文在此只字未提柯文)
柯文：
“Sometimes the relevant factor is the unwillingness of national parliaments to go through the laborious and time-consuming process of enacting new legislation to comply with all of the treaty provisions. This can occur due to the existence of more urgent domestic intrests, time pressures and other such factors. In a situation such as this a State may nevertheless ratify the treaty in order to show its general concern for human rights.”(p. 20)
万文：
“6、不发达国家客观上不可能很快满足所谓被称作“第二代人权”条款的要求，这些国家通常对这样的条款作出保留以推迟其适用，或渐进地适用这些条款。如马达加斯加对“经济、社会、文化权利国际公约”所作的保留。”(第72页)
(万文在此只字未提柯文)
柯文：
“A similar considertation is the objective impossibility of many less developed countries to readily comply with certain provisions concerning 'second generation' human rights. This usually brings about one or more reservations postponing such provisions, or making their application more gradual.” (p. 20)
“See, e.g., the reservation by Madagascar to Article 13 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights...” (p. 20, footnote 104)
万文：
“7、不发达国家特别是新独立国家缺乏法律专家，这在某种程度上也对国家的保留行为产生了影响。”(第72页)
(万文在此只字未提柯文)
柯文：
“Another factor which has possibly played at least a diminishing role in the use of reservations upon ratification of human rights treaties is the lack of expertise in the governments of less developed countries, especially those which have recently gained their independence.”(p. 20)
万文：
“8、国际人权条约关于解决争端的条款常常成为各国保留的对象。该条款赋予国际法院或类似的司法机关解决条约当事国间因该条约所产生的法律争端之管辖权。......许多国家不接受各种类型条约中这样的条款几乎成了一种国际惯例。”(第72页)
(万文在此只字未提柯文)
柯文：
“Other problems are created by dispute settlement clauses. These clauses confer jurisdiction upon the International Court of Justice or other judicial bodies, and as a matter of principle are not accepted by many States for any type of treaty whatsoever.”(pp. 20-21)
万文：
“9、政治或意识形态方面的原因。一些国家由於不愿意因参加多边条约而与另一些国家发生关系，因而作出声明或标明为“保留”的声明，以使得条约在他们之间不发生效力。通过这种声明国家避免了产生所谓“承认”另一国的政治问题。大多数阿拉伯国家都因与以色列的关系问题而在批准或加入国际公约时作出过这样的声明。”(第72页)
(万文在此只字未提柯文)
柯文：
“Another factor common to several States is their unwillingness to deal in any way with certain other States for political or ideological reasons. In this type of case a reservation is one way to prevent the entry into force of a treaty with regard to a particular State. By adopting the reservation the State avoids political problems such as those which might be caused by the 'recognition' of other States.”(p. 21)
“The obvious example is the standard reservation made by most of the Arab States to dodge any treaty relationship with Israel. ...”(p. 21, footnote 108)
万文：
“10：国家常常顾虑全面批准一个条约将产生不可预见性的后果，而国际人权条约由於其本身固有的‘强烈的驱动力’，再加上一些抽象条款的存在，使得条约的这种不确定性更加明显。而作出保留则是国家避免这种后果的最简单的方法，有了保留这个挡箭牌，国家利益在任何情形下都可得到保障。”(第72页)
(万文在此只字未提柯文)
柯文：
“Finally, a very important factor in this area is that States often fear the unforeseeable consequences of a general ratification. This is due to the element of uncertainty present in every treaty. This uncertainty is sometimes aggravated by the vagueness of certain provisions and the 'dynamic force' inherent in human rights treaties. The simplest manner of avoiding unknown consequences which may affect a States's interest is by the adoption of a reservation. ” (p. 21)
以上基本上是万文第二节的全文。这节基本上是全文照抄翻译Massimo Coccia文章第二节B分节，是很清楚的。万文照抄Massimo Coccia文章的地方还有。比如说：
万文第三节和Massimo Coccia文章第二节C分节的对应：
万文：
“三、‘和谐一致’规则
如上所述，保留并非表明国家不愿意遵守人权的基本原则。就目前的国际社会而言，国际人权保护尚处於一个发展的阶段，争取尽量广泛的国家参加国际人权条约在目前这个阶段，也许是更为重要的目标。正如国际法院在灭种罪公约保留案中所表明的，‘......’”(第72-73页)
(万文在此只字未提柯文)
柯文：
“II. Reservations and Human Rights Treaties
C. The Scope of the Compatibility Rule
Reservations, as demonstrated above, are not evidence per se of a will not to comply with human rights principles. More, ratification by a large number of States is an important goal, at least at this stage in the development of the international protection of human rights. As the International Court of Justice observed regarding the Convention on Genocide, '...'”(p. 22)
再比如说万文的开头：
“缔结多边人权条约向来被认为是最有效的保护国际人权的途径之一，这一途径的明显特点是缔约国有权在批准或加入时对条约作出保留”。(第70页)
(万文在此只字未提柯文)
柯文的开头：
“Among the possible approaches to the problem of the international protection of human rights, the treaty approach has proven to be the most effective. ...A distinctive feature of the treaty approach is the ability of any contracting State to make reservations at the moment of ratification of or accession to an international agreement. ”(p. 2)
至於万文在其他地方是否照抄了Massimo Coccia的文章，本人没有兴趣再去仔细核对。这两本杂志：“武汉大学学报(哲学社会科学版)”和California Western International Law Journal，比较大一点的大学法学院/法律系的图书资料室里面应该都有。谁有兴趣谁就去看罢。
万鄂湘，男，1956年5月出生，汉族，湖北公安人。最高人民法院副院长。二级大法官。(http://www.court.gov.cn/mien/3/200312120017.htm)